The 'Vehicle Damage Factor' (VDF) used in IRC:37 pavement design represents:
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Amount of damage per vehicle in monetary terms
Average number of 80-kN standard axle equivalents per commercial vehicle (based on 4th power law of axle loads)
Vehicle maintenance cost
Traffic signal timing for large vehicles
Correct Answer
B. Average number of 80-kN standard axle equivalents per commercial vehicle (based on 4th power law of axle loads)
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VDF = equivalent number of standard axles per commercial vehicle (80 kN single axle = 1 standard axle). Computed using ESALF = (actual axle load/standard axle load)^4 (4th power law). VDF for typical 2-axle trucks ≈ 3.5; multi-axle vehicles ≈ 4–6. Design traffic = ADT × % commercial vehicles × VDF × days × growth factor.
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