The 'observational method' in geotechnical engineering (Peck, 1969) involves:
Choose the correct answer
Using maximum possible loads for design (no flexibility)
Design-as-you-go: construct incrementally monitoring actual behaviour; pre-planned contingencies if limits exceeded
Using only laboratory test results without field verification
Random design without any monitoring
Correct Answer
B. Design-as-you-go: construct incrementally monitoring actual behaviour; pre-planned contingencies if limits exceeded
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Observational method: (1) Design on best estimate of properties; (2) Define acceptable limits; (3) Select monitoring scheme; (4) Plan contingency measures; (5) Monitor during construction; (6) Modify design if needed. Particularly suitable when: soil variability high, properties uncertain, failure mode well-defined. Examples: embankment on soft clay with pore pressure monitoring, piled foundation monitoring. Avoids: over-conservative design AND unexpected failure.
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