Civil Engineering MCQAE Level Civil Engineering
The hydraulic gradient line in pipe flow represents
Fluid MechanicsGeneralMEDIUM
Choose the correct answer
A
piezometric head line
B
water surface of reservoir only
C
pipe invert line
D
total energy line including velocity head
Correct Answer
A. piezometric head line
Why is this the answer?
Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) = piezometric head = pressure head (p/gamma_w) + datum head (z). Total Energy Line (TEL/EGL) = piezometric head + velocity head (V^2/2g). TEL lies above HGL by the velocity head at every section. HGL can fall below the pipe invert if pressure becomes sub-atmospheric (risk of cavitation or pipe collapse). HGL is pressure head plus datum head.
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