The hydraulic gradient line in pipe flow represents
Choose the correct answer
piezometric head line
water surface of reservoir only
pipe invert line
total energy line including velocity head
Correct Answer
A. piezometric head line
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Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) = piezometric head = pressure head (p/gamma_w) + datum head (z). Total Energy Line (TEL/EGL) = piezometric head + velocity head (V^2/2g). TEL lies above HGL by the velocity head at every section. HGL can fall below the pipe invert if pressure becomes sub-atmospheric (risk of cavitation or pipe collapse). HGL is pressure head plus datum head.
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