The 'hydraulic gradient line' (HGL) in a pipe system is drawn at:
Choose the correct answer
p/γ + z + V²/2g (energy grade line)
Pressure head + potential head (p/γ + z) — HGL is below EGL by velocity head V²/2g
Velocity V only
Same as the pipe invert level
Correct Answer
B. Pressure head + potential head (p/γ + z) — HGL is below EGL by velocity head V²/2g
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HGL: line connecting piezometric heads (p/γ + z) at each point. EGL (Energy Grade Line) = p/γ + z + V²/2g = HGL + V²/2g (kinetic head above HGL). HGL below pipe centreline → sub-atmospheric pressure (suction — risk of cavitation). HGL above crown → pressure > atmospheric. Slope of HGL = hydraulic gradient = head loss/length = friction slope Sf. In reservoir: HGL = reservoir level.
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