The 'energy grade line' (EGL) in pipe flow lies above the 'hydraulic grade line' (HGL) by:
Choose the correct answer
The elevation head z
The velocity head V²/(2g)
The pressure head p/(ρg)
The total friction loss
Correct Answer
B. The velocity head V²/(2g)
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EGL = total head = p/(ρg) + V²/(2g) + z. HGL = piezometric head = p/(ρg) + z. EGL − HGL = V²/(2g) (velocity head). HGL shows pressure head above datum; EGL shows total energy. EGL always slopes downward (energy lost to friction). Negative pressure occurs when HGL falls below pipe centreline.
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