The concept of 'effective length' of a column in a frame considers:
Choose the correct answer
Only the actual physical length
End restraint from adjacent beams and columns — K factor from nomographs; sway vs. non-sway condition
Only the cross-section shape
Only the axial load applied
Correct Answer
B. End restraint from adjacent beams and columns — K factor from nomographs; sway vs. non-sway condition
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Effective length Le = K×L where K = effective length factor. For isolated columns: K = 0.5 (fixed-fixed), 1.0 (pin-pin), 0.7 (fixed-pin), 2.0 (fixed-free). In frames: K depends on restraint from beams/adjacent columns — nomograph charts (IS 800 Table 11) for sway and non-sway frames. Higher beam stiffness → smaller K (more restraint → shorter effective length → higher buckling load).
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