The 'closing error' in a closed traverse is due to:
Choose the correct answer
Incorrect staff readings in levelling
Accumulated angular and linear measurement errors in the traverse — the calculated position doesn''t return to the start
Wrong datum selection
Magnetic declination only
Correct Answer
B. Accumulated angular and linear measurement errors in the traverse — the calculated position doesn''t return to the start
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Closing error: difference between initial and final calculated positions of the closing station in a closed traverse (should close back to starting point). Caused by: angular and linear measurement errors. Magnitude: √(ΣΔE)² + (ΣΔN)² where ΔE and ΔN are misclosures in easting and northing. Corrected by Bowditch (transit) or least squares.
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