Temporary hardness of water can be removed by:
Choose the correct answer
Adding salt (NaCl)
Boiling or adding lime (Clark''s process)
Reverse osmosis only
Chlorination
Correct Answer
B. Boiling or adding lime (Clark''s process)
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Temporary hardness = hardness due to bicarbonates of Ca and Mg [Ca(HCO3)2, Mg(HCO3)2]. Removed by: (1) Boiling: CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2 precipitate. (2) Adding lime (Clark''s process): Ca(OH)2 + Ca(HCO3)2 → 2CaCO3↓ + 2H2O. Permanent hardness (sulphates/chlorides) requires soda or ion exchange.
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