Seepage pressure in soil is caused by:
Choose the correct answer
Electrical field in soil
Flow of water through soil pores — drag force on soil skeleton proportional to hydraulic gradient
Thermal expansion of soil
Static water pressure only
Correct Answer
B. Flow of water through soil pores — drag force on soil skeleton proportional to hydraulic gradient
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Seepage pressure = γw × i × volume (where i = hydraulic gradient = Δh/L, γw = unit weight of water). Seepage forces are body forces acting on soil skeleton in the direction of flow. Upward seepage reduces effective stress; downward seepage increases it. At critical hydraulic gradient ic = G−1/(1+e) ≈ 0.9–1.0, effective stress becomes zero → quick condition (sand boil).
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