'Seepage force' in soil is the product of:
Choose the correct answer
Density of soil × velocity
γw × i per unit volume — acts in direction of flow; upward seepage reduces effective stress toward zero
Permeability × head difference
Pore pressure × void ratio
Correct Answer
B. γw × i per unit volume — acts in direction of flow; upward seepage reduces effective stress toward zero
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Seepage force = γw × i (per unit volume) where γw = unit weight of water, i = hydraulic gradient = h/L. Seepage force acts in direction of flow. Upward seepage: destabilises, reduces effective stress. Downward seepage: stabilises, increases effective stress. At critical hydraulic gradient ic = (G-1)/(1+e): upward seepage force = submerged weight → effective stress = 0 → quicksand/piping.
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