Errors in levelling are classified as:
Choose the correct answer
Only instrumental errors
Personal (observer), instrumental (equipment), and natural (curvature, refraction, environment) errors
Only systematic and blunders
Errors do not exist in modern levelling
Correct Answer
B. Personal (observer), instrumental (equipment), and natural (curvature, refraction, environment) errors
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Levelling errors: (1) Personal: observer — parallax, misreading staff, wrong booking; (2) Instrumental: bubble mislevel, line of collimation not parallel to bubble axis, staff graduation error; (3) Natural: curvature, refraction, wind, heat shimmer, staff sinking. Systematic errors (collimation): eliminated by equal backsight and foresight distances. Random errors: reduced by multiple observations.
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