A 'rubble mound breakwater' resists wave attack primarily by:
Choose the correct answer
Reflection (acts like a vertical wall)
Wave energy absorption through permeability, armour interlocking, and rough slope dissipation — not reflection
Suction removing wave energy
Steel sheet piling resisting impact
Correct Answer
B. Wave energy absorption through permeability, armour interlocking, and rough slope dissipation — not reflection
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Rubble mound breakwater: core of quarry run stone + armour layer of large rock or concrete units (Tetrapods, Accropode, Core-Loc). Wave energy dissipated by: (1) Permeability (water infiltrates through voids, energy absorbed); (2) Armour unit interlocking (individual units don''t slide due to friction and form); (3) Wave run-up on rough, permeable slope. Hudson formula: W50 = γr×H³/(KD×(γr/γw-1)³×cotα) for armour weight.
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